Dog training plays a crucial role in fostering a positive relationship between owners and their furry companions. Among the various training methods available, dominance theory has sparked significant debate. In this blog post, we will delve into the origins of dominance theory, explore its applications in dog training, and shed light on why this theory may not be helpful in effectively training our dogs.

Understanding the Origins of Dominance Theory

Dominance theory originated in studies conducted on captive wolves in the mid-20th century. Early observations of wolf behaviour in hierarchical packs led researchers to believe that dogs, being descendants of wolves, must operate under similar social structures. This assumption formed the basis for the theory that dogs strive to assert dominance over their human owners and that training should focus on establishing human dominance over the dog.

The Flawed Assumption

However, subsequent research has challenged the assumption that dogs and wolves share identical social dynamics. Studies conducted by scientists like Mech (1999) and Lord et al. (2013) have shown that the behaviour of wolves in captivity differs significantly from that of wolves in the wild. Moreover, despite their genetic link to wolves, dogs have been domesticated for thousands of years and exhibit distinct behaviours influenced by their interaction with humans.

The Unhelpfulness of Dominance Theory in Dog Training

Misinterpretation of Dog Behaviour

Dominance theory often misinterprets normal dog behaviours as dominance-related actions. For example, if a dog pulls on the leash during a walk, dominance theory may suggest that the dog is attempting to assert dominance over the owner. In reality, the behaviour could be a result of excitement, lack of training, or simply a desire to explore the environment (Brammeier et al., 2017).

Potential for Miscommunication

Focusing on dominance can lead to an adversarial relationship between the dog and the owner. The emphasis on establishing dominance through punishments and physical corrections may create fear and anxiety in dogs, compromising their trust and hindering the training process. Positive reinforcement-based methods, on the other hand, foster a cooperative bond between dog and owner, promoting learning through rewards and encouragement (Hiby et al., 2004).

Lack of Scientific Evidence

Numerous peer-reviewed studies have highlighted the limitations and potential harm associated with dominance-based training approaches. These studies emphasize the effectiveness of positive reinforcement-based training methods in promoting desired behaviours while maintaining dogs’ well-being and emotional state (Rooney & Cowan, 2011; Deldalle & Gaunet, 2014).

Moving Towards Positive Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement-based training focuses on rewarding desired behaviours, which encourages dogs to repeat those actions. This approach includes treats, praise, play, and other rewards that motivate dogs and strengthen the bond between them and their owners. It fosters a cooperative environment that encourages dogs to learn willingly and reduces the likelihood of developing behavioural issues associated with fear or aggression (Arhant et al., 2010).

While dominance theory may have originated from studies on captive wolves, it does not accurately reflect the behaviour and training needs of domestic dogs. Contemporary research supports positive reinforcement-based training methods as a more effective and humane approach. By using rewards, encouragement, and understanding, dog owners can build a strong and harmonious relationship with their furry companions, fostering a lifetime of trust, respect, and joyful learning experiences.

References

1. Arhant, C., Bubna-Littitz, H., Bartels, A., Futschik, A., & Troxler, J. (2010). Behaviour of smaller and larger dogs: Effects of training methods, inconsistency of owner behaviour and level of engagement in activities with the dog. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 123(3-4), 131-142.
2. Brammeier, S., Brennan, J., & Wilson, C. (2017). Dominance in domestic dogs: A quantitative analysis of its variability and potential for confusion. PLoS ONE, 12(2), e0172398.
3. Deldalle, S., & Gaunet, F. (2014). Effects of 2 training methods on stress-related behaviors of the dog (Canis familiaris) and on the dog-owner relationship. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 9(2), 58-65.
4. Hiby, E. F., Rooney, N. J., & Bradshaw, J. W. S. (2004). Dog training methods: Their use, effectiveness and interaction with behavior and welfare. Animal Welfare, 13(1), 63-69.
5. Lord, K., Feinstein, M., & Coppinger, R. (2013). Evidence for socialized delinquency: Young adult outcomes of orphaned wild canids. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 148(1-2), 194-206.
6. Mech, D. L. (1999). Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77(8), 1196-1203.
7. Rooney, N. J., & Cowan, S. (2011). Training methods and owner-dog interactions: Links with dog behaviour and learning ability. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 132(3-4), 169-177.